Free Essays on Can Computer Think

A great many people figure PCs will always be unable to think. That is, truly think. Not at the present time or ever. Undoubtedly, a great many people likewise concur that PCs can do numerous things that an individual would need to think to do. At that point how could a machine assume however not really think? Indeed, setting aside the topic of what thinking really is, I imagine that the greater part of us would answer that by saying that in these cases, what the PC is doing is only a shallow impersonation of human knowledge. It has been intended to comply with certain straightforward orders, and afterward it has been given with programs made out of those orders. Along these lines, the PC needs to comply with those orders, yet with no thought of what's occurring. Surely, when PCs initially showed up, a large portion of their planners expected them to no end just to do tremendous, thoughtless calculations. That is the reason the things were classified PCs. However that being said, a couple of pioneers particularly Alan Turing imagined what's currently called Fake Insight - or computer based intelligence. They saw that PCs may conceivably go past number juggling, and possibly emulate the procedures that go on inside human cerebrums. Today, with robots wherever in industry and film films, a great many people think Al has gone a lot farther than it has. However still, PC specialists state machines will never truly think. Assuming this is the case, how might they be so brilliant, but so imbecilic? ================== CAN MACHINES BE CREATIVE? ================== We normally appreciate our Einsteins and Beethovens, and marvel if PCs ever could make such wondrous hypotheses or ensembles. Most individuals believe that imagination requires some unique, supernatural blessing that basically can't be clarified. Assuming this is the case, at that point no PC could make - since anything machines can do (the vast majority think can be clarified. To perceive what's up with that, we should maintain a strategic distance from one credulous snare. We mustn't just glance at work... Free Essays on Can Computer Think Free Essays on Can Computer Think A great many people figure PCs will always be unable to think. That is, truly think. Not at the present time or ever. Undoubtedly, the vast majority additionally concur that PCs can do numerous things that an individual would need to think to do. At that point how could a machine assume yet not really think? All things considered, setting aside the subject of what thinking really is, I believe that the vast majority of us would answer that by saying that in these cases, what the PC is doing is simply a shallow impersonation of human insight. It has been intended to comply with certain basic orders, and afterward it has been given with programs made out of those orders. Along these lines, the PC needs to comply with those orders, however with no thought of what's occurring. Undoubtedly, when PCs originally showed up, the greater part of their architects planned them in vain just to do gigantic, careless calculations. That is the reason the things were designated PCs. However and still, at the end of the day, a couple of pioneers particularly Alan Turing imagined what's presently called Fake Knowledge - or simulated intelligence. They saw that PCs may perhaps go past number-crunching, and perhaps copy the procedures that go on inside human minds. Today, with robots wherever in industry and film films, the vast majority think Al has gone a lot farther than it has. However still, PC specialists state machines will never truly think. Provided that this is true, how might they be so savvy, but then so stupid? ================== CAN MACHINES BE CREATIVE? ================== We normally appreciate our Einsteins and Beethovens, and marvel if PCs ever could make such wondrous hypotheses or ensembles. Most individuals imagine that innovativeness requires some uncommon, supernatural blessing that just can't be clarified. Provided that this is true, at that point no PC could make - since anything machines can do (a great many people think can be clarified. To perceive what's up with that, we should maintain a strategic distance from one gullible snare. We mustn't just glance at work...

How intersectional identities can transform intersectional Dissertation

How intersectional characters can change intersectional drawback into open thankfulness through games - Dissertation Example It is contended that there is an open sentiment with sports where dark competitors, for example, Tiger Woods, Michael Jordan and Pele along with gay Carl Lewis have tested cliché mentalities toward gay people and racial minorities.4 as it were, there are open doors for minorities in sports to enter intersectional limits and to pick up acknowledgment, yet to likewise be appreciated. This examination study will exhibit the open doors concurring serious games for rising above intersectional limits by reference to South Africa’s Rugby League. South Africa, a nation that has progressed from politically-sanctioned racial segregation to majority rule government in the late twentieth century gives a case of the two limits: abuse and uniformity in sports. This investigation will in this manner be separated into four sections. The initial segment of this investigation characterizes intersectionalities and gives an examination of sports by and large. The second piece of this paper gives an intersectional examination of sports in South Africa’s Rugby alliance during politically-sanctioned racial segregation. The third piece of this examination directs an intersectional investigation of sports in post-Apartheid South Africa’s Rugby League. The last piece of the paper investigations intersectionalities in sports today. Part I: Introduction Davis characterizes intersectionality as: †¦the cooperation between sexual orientation, race, and different classifications of diffiference in singular lives, social practices, institutional courses of action, and social belief systems and the results of these connections as far as power.5 The term intersectionality was presented by Kimberle Crenshaw in 1989 as a methods for giving progressively significant knowledge into the encounters of non-white ladies. Crenshaw felt that women's activist investigations didn't sufficiently address the extraordinary conditions that ladies of different racial minorities experie nced. Crenshaw contended that there was a need to exhibit how both sexual orientation and race connected to illuminate the encounters regarding ladies of colour.6 Today, intersectionality hypothesis is comprehended as a methods for investigating the crossing point between sex, race, class and ethnicity and how these associations are showed in network settings, establishments and the day by day lives on people and their cooperations with others.7 Essentially, intersectionality takes the postion that distinctive social elements are comprised of various personalities. For instance dark individuals are involved dark heteros, dark gay people and my different personalities. Intersectionality hypothesis contends that the distinctive status characters of individuals from a social gathering will relate with the degree to which the individual will probably be segregated against.8 Over the last ten or so years there has been an increasing development in intersectional investigations because of a gratefulness for the acknowledgment that personalities are multidimensional and are continually changing and framed by â€Å"power† through â€Å"additional classifications as social class, sexuality, and

A Complete Guide to Market Segmentation

A Complete Guide to Market Segmentation © Shutterstock.com | ArthimedesIn this article, we analyse the topic of market segmentation. We start with 1) what is market segmentation, and continue then 2) types of market segmentation, 3) steps of market segmentation, and 4) conclusion.WHAT IS MARKET SEGMENTATION?DefinitionThe term segmentation indicates a process in which a large unit is divided or bifurcated into a variety of smaller units which have somewhat related or similar characteristics. When the complete market establishment is divided into smaller subsets constituting consumers who bear similar preference, demand, and taste, the concept is known as market segmentation. In other words, market segmentation divides the market into like-minded individuals with similar interests.Why do we need market segmentation?There are five primary reasons why firms go for market segmentation. They are:Competitive Advantage: Through segmentation of the market, competitive advantage is added to the service or product. In short, the fir m is specializing in an area which enables it to be more accurate and respond faster by reacting according to the opportunities available. For instance, Unisys has adopted a kind of market segmentation where the staff and customers think alike food service specialists cater to the package goods industry while bankers trade with bankers.New Market Identification: By segmenting the market, new market niches, which are not always obvious, come to the surface and become visible to the marketer. These new markets might be very small and specific, existing in very few locations.Cost Cutting: If firms reach the marketplace for a particular and relevant segment through careful selection, obviously the costs would come down. This applied to all marketing endeavors, including telephone and direct mail marketing. In the long runs, the firm is able to save on production and associated costs related to marketing such as paper, printing, time, people and so on.Reduction of Credit Risks: Through market segmentation, organizations can handle credit in an efficient manner through eliminating those customers or markets which cause credit issues. In turn, cancelations and bad debt ratios can be reduced considerably. On the other hand, those with a good credit rating as per the firm’s analysis can be rendered extended credit terms. In short, the consumers, markets, and overall business can be efficiently managed.Streamlining of Lists: Through elimination of suspects having a lower chance of purchasing from you at present or in the near future, and focusing on the major prospects who are the impending customers, the rewards of your marketing efforts would be greater and profit higher. Moreover, the opportunity for continual relationships also arrives at a faster pace.Factors affecting Market SegmentationMarket segmentation is affected by a range of factors. However, the factors can be broadly classified into four basic categories.Appropriate segment identification;Measurability of the effective size of the segment;How much accessible the segment is with the help of promotional efforts;The appropriateness of the segment with respect to the resources and policies of the company.TYPES OF MARKET SEGMENTATIONApproaches to market segmentationPractically speaking, market segmentation has two major approaches. If there is access to adequate database information and market research, organizations can go for the statistical technique called cluster analysis. Or else, the organizations may categorize the market on the basis of their understanding and knowledge, utilizing what is commonly called the segmentation tree.Criteria for market segmentationThe market can be broadly segmented according to the following criteria.Gender: The requirement for this segmentation arises from the fact that men and women have different preferences and interests. The marketing strategy for men would not work for women. This gender oriented segmentation is most important for industries such as jewelry, footwear, cosmetics, and apparels.Age Group: Another effective way of market segmentation is on the basis of the target market’s age group. The marketing strategies and products for kids would be different from those of teenagers, which would again be different from adults or aged people.Up to 10 years Prams, baby food, nappies, toys;From 10 to 20 years School bags, books, apparels, toys;20 years and beyond apparels, magazines, anti-ageing products, cosmetics, and so on.Income: This criterion is based on the monthly earnings of individuals. Broadly, there are three groups, namely, high-income, middle-income, and low-income. Thus, stores which target the high-income group would have different range of products and different marketing strategies compared to stores that serve the low-income group.Marital Status: Division is accordance with the marital status is most appropriate for travel agencies. Holiday packages for married couples would be different from that for bachelors.Occupation: One of the bases of segmentation is whether the target market is working or not. It goes without saying that preferences of professionals would be different from preferences of college goers within the same product category.For a market segment to be ideal, the following things need to be considered:It should be an adequately large segment.The segment must be measurable.The segment should have stability and exist over a period of time.The marketing activities should enable you to reach prospective customersThere should be a cost-effective way for conversion of prospects to buyers.In a segment, customers should prefer similar product qualities.In different segments, customers should prefer different product qualities.Marketing actions should have some effect on target consumers.For a particular segment, there must be adequate supporting data for devising a targeted sales approach.The Major types of segmentationWith good knowledge of the types of segmentation , it would be easier for the organizations to strive towards the business goals. Here are the major ways in which a market can be segmented.Demographics: Race, gender, income or age are great ways to differentiate your customer base. In this type of segmentation, you may go for your consumers’ actual ages or concentrate on things like the product’s life cycle. When customers are grouped on the basis of demographics, you can be more specific in directing your strategies.Lifestyle: This is somewhat related to demographics but concentrates more on the fact that families and people have diverse service and product needs throughout their entire life. Life style segment can have endless number of subdivisions, such as dividing households into single parents, seniors or married with children or the type of residence, like a townhouse, apartment or single family home. By defining interests and activities according to lifestyle, it becomes more convenient to develop services and products .Geographical Location: Location is a very effective tool in market segmentation. The markets can be broken up into local, regional, national or global, depending upon the services offered. Different regions might have different product requirements. For instance, parts of a country which always rain will have more requirements for umbrellas and raincoats that for outdoor pools and solar panels.Services or Products: The crux of this type of segmentation is to be as specific as possible so that you can reach out to specific groups of people and make them your customers. A broad category often becomes difficult to convert, so it is advisable to go for specific niches. For instance, you may consider a category as broad as auto repair and make specific niches such as brake distributors your target.Industry: Take the case of the agriculture industry; you may include everything to customized family farms to massive food producers. The products can be further segmented to organics, meat, d airy and the like. It is easier to define the market and track developments if you are specific enough.Profession: Customers can be divided on the basis of their profession, and specific segments can also be created within a certain profession. For example, in case of healthcare, there can be various segments like hospital administrators, nurses, doctors and so on. Again, lawyers can be segmented depending upon the particular branch of law, such as taxes, civil litigation, real estate, etc. This type of segmentation allows more focus on the value proposition.Interest: It might seem insignificant given all the other types of segmentation, but there are people who have exclusive hobbies such as grooming pets, collecting coins, and so on. Although this is a very small niche, if you can connect to these customers, they can become your long-term market.STEPS OF MARKET SEGMENTATIONMarket segmentation is a systematic process involving a series of steps. Below is a discussion of the five ma jor steps of market segmentation.Step 1: Distinct segments for key accounts and small accounts Every business has its customer segment. Even within the same business, all customers are not the same and hence should be treated accordingly. Companies, especially those catering to other businesses (B2B) possess key accounts, and these should be treated exclusively.According to the 80/20 principle applicable to any business, 80% of the turnover is accounted for by 20% of the customers. So, focus should be laid on these large or key accounts, on which the future of the business depends on. It is best when these customers are treated as individuals, with products or services designed to exactly meet their needs.On the other hand, the 80%, although dominating the customer populations, are comparatively smaller accounts. The treatment for these customers should not be similar to that of the key accounts. Since this bulk of customers can constitute a plethora of accounts, a separate segmenta tion is needed. If proper segmentation is not there, then this 80% of the customer population will either be treated like special accounts, consuming unwanted resources or be considered as all the same, leading to unsuitable offers. In short, segmentation allows grouping of customers with same needs, thereby enabling efficient service with limited resources.Step 2: Perform Market SegmentationA demographic or firmographic segmentationFor a company catering to consumers, demographic segmentation is the most advisable option. Again, a company catering to other companies should go for firmographic segmentation, wherein companies with similar physical attributes are grouped together. These attributes may include the region of operation, the industry these companies belong to, and the like. Such firmographic or demographic segmentation is of immense significance in order to understand the needs of the consumers or the companies.A company selling PTFE tubes should be well-versed with the f act that the requirement for the medical industry is not the same as a requirement for the electrical industry. This kind of segmentation is very useful in fulfilling the demands of the target market.The possibility of a need-based segmentationSegmentation based on the industry might have a couple of disadvantages. First, differences may not always exist on the basis of the industry. A seller of accountancy software will hardly find any difference between selling his product to a food company and selling it to a steel manufacturer. Secondly, almost all business will tend to do this kind of segmentation; as a result there is no competitive advantage.Keeping these things in mind, the requirement for need-based segmentation arises, wherein identification and satisfaction of the needs of the customers is the basis.Needs are not simple to recognize, so you need market research for finding out the same. Market researchers are capable of devising questions which ask people various aspects of their requirements. If it is a question of individual needs, users are asked their expectations from a product while, in case of company needs, a group of people is asked what they would like to have from their suppliers. Both at the individual level and at the company level, the needs must be addressed for the business to flourish.One major problem in identification of needs is that they frequently change depending upon various factors. But need-based segmentation is the best way companies can orient themselves to fulfill customer requirements.Behavioral segmentation for unrecognized needsWhen identification of needs becomes difficult, behavioral segmentation comes to the rescue in order to arrive at the hidden needs. For instance, certain customers prefer long-term relationship with an organization or brand while other might switch from one brand to another to avail discount deals. Given such behavioral aspects, behavioral segmentation is a potential option.Simpler needs of cus tomersIt is true that purchasing decisions are not as sophisticated as we think. People decide based on certain simple criteria such as quality products, high-end service, low prices, reputation of the organization or brand, and so on. Through general communication, the importance of these different criteria for the customers can be found out.Step 3: Cluster Analysis for customers with diverse needsOnce survey answers are obtained; cluster analysis is done using a statistical analysis tool, in order to group the respondents who have similar answers. Around one to five clusters are obtained, so that the supplier’s efficiency is maximized through meeting the market needs with minimal number of offers. New customers are also placed within the clusters as and when necessary. The questions are repeated with existing customers every six months to one year so that changing needs can be identified.Step 4: Coding of existing and prospective customersIt is best for a business to record cust omer details in the form of a spreadsheet, either within an effective customer relationship management system or simply an excel file. As the segmentation is being carried out, each customer must be placed against a definite segment within the spreadsheet. The spreadsheet may be prepared based on various parameters such as answers to survey questions. It may then be used to group customers for communications like mailers as well as to evaluate sales and profitability.     In other words, good segmentation should lead to a profitable business, wherein the spreadsheet acts as a control mechanism.Step 5: Implementation of Market SegmentationSetting up a market segmentation based on the behavior and needs of the customers is not an end in itself you need to implement the segmentation. Every segment has a distinct offering, more technically known as the CVP or Customer Value Proposition. It must be proved to the customers that the claims related to the CVP are true and what they are exp ecting would be realized.Next, the sales force should understand the reason behind the segmentation and its benefits so that they work successfully towards fulfillment of customer needs. In fact, the sales force should understand that the lowest price is not the only thing that draws customers.CONCLUSIONOn the whole, there is no right or wrong route to segment a market. It depends a lot on the business domain and also the creativity of the business owner. In fact, you may create numerous market segments, but it is advisable to keep the number of segments reasonable low for effective market penetration. In business, you always need to keep track of the latest development and changing needs of the target market, which would enable you to create your own segments to suit the business scenario in which you are operating.